论文收录网站有哪些,网站开发jd,阿里云 wordpress 404,中铁建设集团有限公司有多少个局一. 什么是RESTful REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络,它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识,客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征,获得这些表征…一. 什么是RESTful
REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络,它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识,客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征,获得这些表征致使这些应用转变状态REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”所有的数据,不过是通过网络获取的还是操作(增删改查)的数据,都是资源,将一切数据视为资源是REST区别与其他架构风格的最本质属性对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格,有人提出一种全新的结构理念,即:面向资源架构(ROA:Resource Oriented Architecture)二. RESTful API设计
API与用户的通信协议,总是使用HTTPs协议。域名https://api.example.com 尽量将API部署在专用域名(会存在跨域问题)https://example.org/api/ API很简单版本URL,如:https://api.example.com/v1/请求头 跨域时,引发发送多次请求路径,视网络上任何东西都是资源,均使用名词表示(可复数)https://api.example.com/v1/zooshttps://api.example.com/v1/animalshttps://api.example.com/v1/employeesmethodGET :从服务器取出资源(一项或多项)POST :在服务器新建一个资源PUT :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源)PATCH :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变的属性)DELETE :从服务器删除资源过滤,通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10:指定返回记录的数量https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10:指定返回记录的开始位置https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2per_page=100:指定第几页,以及每页的记录数https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=nameorder=asc:指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序,以及排序顺序https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1:指定筛选条件状态码200 OK - [GET]:服务器成功返回用户请求的数据,该操作是幂等的(Idempotent)。
201 CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户新建或修改数据成功。
202 Accepted - [*]:表示一个请求已经进入后台排队(异步任务)
204 NO CONTENT - [DELETE]:用户删除数据成功。
400 INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]:用户发出的请求有错误,服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作,该操作是幂等的。
401 Unauthorized - [*]:表示用户没有权限(令牌、用户名、密码错误)。
403 Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权(与401错误相对),但是访问是被禁止的。
404 NOT FOUND - [*]:用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录,服务器没有进行操作,该操作是幂等的。
406 Not Acceptable - [GET]:用户请求的格式不可得(比如用户请求JSON格式,但是只有XML格式)。
410 Gone -[GET]:用户请求的资源被永久删除,且不会再得到的。
422 Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时,发生一个验证错误。
500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]:服务器发生错误,用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。更多看这里:http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
错误处理,状态码是4xx时,应返回错误信息,error当做key。{error: "Invalid API key"
}
返回结果,针对不同操作,服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。GET /collection:返回资源对象的列表(数组)
GET /collection/resource:返回单个资源对象
POST /collection:返回新生成的资源对象
PUT /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
PATCH /collection/resource:返回完整的资源对象
DELETE /collection/resource:返回一个空文档
Hypermedia API,RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia,即返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。 {"link": {"rel": "collection https://www.example.com/zoos","href": "https://api.example.com/zoos","title": "List of zoos","type": "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}
三. 基于Django实现
路由系统:
urlpatterns = [url(r'^users', Users.as_view()),
]
CBV视图:
from django.views import View
from django.http import JsonResponseclass Users(View):def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):result = {'status': True,'data': 'response data'}return JsonResponse(result, status=200)def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):result = {'status': True,'data': 'response data'}return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
四. 基于Django Rest Framework框架实现
1. 基本流程
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s1_api import TestViewurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
] from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Responseclass TestView(APIView):def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):"""请求到来之后,都要执行dispatch方法,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法注意:APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能"""return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('GET请求,响应内容')def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('POST请求,响应内容')def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
上述是rest framework框架基本流程,重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中触发。
2. 认证和授权
a. 用户url传入的token认证
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestViewurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptionstoken_list = ['sfsfss123kuf3j123','asijnfowerkkf9812',
]class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):def authenticate(self, request):"""用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token):param request: :return: None,表示跳过该验证;如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置self._authenticator = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()else:self.user = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()else:self.auth = None(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;AuthenticationFailed异常"""val = request.query_params.get('token')if val not in token_list:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败")return ('登录用户', '用户token')def authenticate_header(self, request):"""Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if theauthentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses."""# 验证失败时,返回的响应头WWW-Authenticate对应的值passclass TestView(APIView):authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]permission_classes = []def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):print(request.user)print(request.auth)return Response('GET请求,响应内容')def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('POST请求,响应内容')def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
b. 请求头认证
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestViewurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptionstoken_list = ['sfsfss123kuf3j123','asijnfowerkkf9812',
]class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):def authenticate(self, request):"""用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token):param request: :return: None,表示跳过该验证;如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置self._authenticator = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()else:self.user = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()else:self.auth = None(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;AuthenticationFailed异常"""import base64auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')if auth:auth = auth.encode('utf-8')auth = auth.split()if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')if len(auth) != 2:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')if username == 'alex' and password == '123':return ('登录用户', '用户token')else:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')def authenticate_header(self, request):"""Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if theauthentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses."""return 'Basic realm=api'class TestView(APIView):authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]permission_classes = []def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):print(request.user)print(request.auth)return Response('GET请求,响应内容')def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('POST请求,响应内容')def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):return Response('PUT请求,响应内容')
c. 多个认证规则
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s2_auth import TestViewurlpatterns = [url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptionstoken_list = ['sfsfss123kuf3j123','asijnfowerkkf9812',
]class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):def authenticate(self, request):"""用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token):param request: :return: None,表示跳过该验证;如果跳过了所有认证,默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置self._authenticator = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为:匿名用户else:self.user = Noneif api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为:Noneelse:self.auth = None(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token;AuthenticationFailed异常"""import base64auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')if auth:auth = auth.encode('utf-8')else:return Noneprint(auth,'xxxx')auth = auth.split()if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')if len(auth) != 2:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')if username == 'alex' and password == '123':return ('登录用户', '用户token')else:raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误')def authenticate_header(self, request):"""Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if theauthentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses."""# return 'Basic realm=api'passclass Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):def authenticate(self, request):"""用户认证,如果验证成功后返回元组: (用户,用户Token):par